CP Civil Aviation Book 2 CD1 Track 55 p27 ex5

Separation is the minimum distance between aircraft to prevent collisions. Controllers are responsible for maintaining separation. Takeoff and landing separation is based on aircraft size. Conflicts can occur en route. Controllers and pilots share the responsibility for maintaining separation. UN videos can be found at www.un.org. Unit 12. Encountering Traffic. Exercise 5, page 27. Section 3. Separation. Separation is the minimum distance between two or more aircraft. It must be maintained to avoid weight turbulence and collisions. Although most aircraft have traffic collision avoidance systems, aircraft controllers are responsible for preventing a loss of separation. This requires different actions on the part of controllers depending on the stage of flight aircraft are in. Separation during takeoff and landing is based on weight turbulence category and MTOM, maximum takeoff mass. This ensures that smaller aircraft do not encounter wingtip vortices from larger aircraft on arrival or departure. Conflicts occur when there is a loss of separation en route, though not all conflicts are the same. A local conflict occurs when traffic passes through limited airspace above a town or specific area. Opposite conflict happens as multiple aircraft reach a shared destination from opposing directions. Though traffic controllers manage airspace and runways, pilots also share the responsibility of maintaining separation. For more UN videos visit www.un.org