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Normal cell function involves transportation (passive and active), ingestion, secretion, respiration (anaerobic and aerobic), communication, and reproduction. Altered cells differ from normal cells in terms of hypertrophy (increase in size), atrophy (decrease in size), ischemia (decreased oxygen supply), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), metaplasia (change in cell type), dysplasia (change in cell size, shape, arrangement), and mutations. These alterations can lead to health issues such as breathing difficulties and cancer. Today we're going to be talking about altered in normal cell function. So normal cell function has transportation, which there are two different kinds, passive and actively. Passive, you may enter the cell passively when no energy is required. Actively requires energy when transporting particles across the plasma membrane. And then ingestion, which is a specific process and that allows the cell to ingest substances necessarily for its own use into the cytoplasm. And secretion, the Golgi apparatus works with the endoplasmic reticulum to package products into vesicles that then directs their delivery within the cell and outside the cell. Respiration, it's a series of metabolic processes that transforms fuel molecules into ATP energy and waste. And there's two different kinds. There's anaerobic, which is without oxygen and there's aerobic, which is with oxygen. And then there's communication. The message or signal transmitted from one cell to another, it influences cellular behavior and plays a role in determining function. Reproduction, which is a cellular reproduction is another function operating under genetic control and without DNA reproduction, cells can only grow to a particular size before they actually stop growing. Now we're gonna get into the altered cells and how they are different from normal cells. So hypertrophic, which is an increase in cell size. And this is from signal signaling and increase in sex hormones can be that, which is HAA breasts for a pregnant female and enlargement of adenoids, which cause an obstruction in the nasal passage, which can cause difficulty breathing at night, sleep apnea, et cetera. And atrophic cells, which is a decrease in individual cell size, can stem from a limb being immobilized after an injury, which is a lack of muscle movement and reduces the demand for those cells, causing them to shrink. There's also ischemia, which is a decrease in oxygen supply from a blockage in the arterial blood supply. And then hyperplastic, which is an increase in the cell number can be caused by hormonal signaling and increase in workload, which is from changing a woman's life, like puberty, pregnancy, and then can go into menopause. You'll see hyperplastic and hypertrophic very commonly together. And then metaplastic, which is changing one type of cell to another, which GERD, which is acid reflux, the esophagus cells are exposed to damaging acidic contents from the stomach. And they usually are changing from squamous epithelium to glandular from the stressor. This is from a smoker, and they usually will return to their normal cells after the stressor is gone. Then there's diplastic, which is the actual change in the cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure forms from a chronic stressor. And they have a problem regulating cell growth. Reproduction could cause mutations, which could in the long run cause cancer. This can be from babies that are put on oxygen when they are born and have breathing problems at birth. The bronchial and alveolar tissues become thickened and make it hard to breathe and excrete waste, which is like carbon dioxide that they're trying to get rid of. So that is the difference between altered and normal cell function.