Ayrım_2_Social-Psychology

Our social intuitions can be powerful and sometimes dangerous. We often rely on our instincts to make judgments about others and situations. Our intuitions influence our behavior and can lead us to make mistakes, misread our own minds, and mispredict our own feelings. Social influences shape our behavior and attitudes, and our culture plays a significant role in defining our social norms and values. Our behavior is also influenced by our biology and genetics, as well as our experiences and social interactions. Social psychology explores the interplay between our biology, psychology, and social influences. Understanding social behavior requires considering both biological and social factors and recognizing the complex interactions between them. Social psychologists aim to shed light on the subtle influences that guide our thinking and behavior and apply these insights to improve various aspects of human life, such as health, justice, and sustainability. Our social intuitions are often powerful, sometimes perilous. Our instant intuition sheds tears, exploiting dangerous impressions. Can I trust him? Our relationship. Does he like me? Intuitions influence prisoners in times of crisis. Hamlets at the table. Serious assassin girls. And person-director screening applicants. Such intuitions are commonplace. In this, psychological science builds a fascinating unconscious mind. An intuitive backspace mind that Freud never told us about. More than psychologists realized until recently. Thinking occurs offstage, out of time. Our intuitive capacities are revealed by studies of what later chapters will explain. Automatic processing. Implicit memory. Periodic, instant emotions. And non-verbal communication. With income, two levels. Intuitive and deliberate. Some call this System 1 and System 2. A book titled by Nobel laureate, psychologist Daniel Kahneman. Chapters to ideas. We do thinking fast and slow. Intuition is huge. But intuition is also parallel. For example, as we cruise through life, mostly on automatic pilots, we intuitively judge the likelihood of events by how easily they come to mind. We can readily avail the mental means of plane crashes. But most people fear flying more than driving. And many will drive great distances to avoid risking the skies. Actually, we are miles and miles, thousands of times safer on a commercial flight than in a car. Reports to nationals safer to go to. Even our intuitions about ourselves often err. We initially trust our memories more than we should. We misread our own minds in experiments. We deny being affected by things that influence us. We mispredict our own feelings. How best we will feel a year from now if we lose our job or romance breaks up. And how good we will feel a year from now or even a week from now if we win our state lottery. And we often mispredict our own future. When selecting clothes, people approaching middle age will feel right now. I anticipate shedding a few pounds. Rarely does anyone say more realistically, I will gather by a relatively low speed. People my age tend to put on pounds. Our social intuitions then are not worthy for both their powers and their powers. By identifying our intuitions, gifts, and pitfalls, social psychologists aim to fortify our thinking. In most stations, fast and frugal, snap judgments serve us well. But in others, in which accuracy matters. Such as when needing to fear the right things and spend our resources wisely, we have best restrained our impulsive intuitions with critical thinking. Our intuitions and unconscious information processing are willfully powerful and sometimes perilous. Social influences shape our behavior. We are, as Aristotle long ago observed, social animals. We speak and think in words we learn from others. We learn to connect, to belong, and to be well thought of. In one study, University of Texas students were recording devices that periodically listened on their leave. Even on weekdays, almost 30% of the students' time was spent talking to other people. Facebook has 2 billion users around the world, and the average 18-year-old in the United States spends two hours a day sending texts. Relationships are a big part of being human. As social creatures, we respond to art in many contexts. Sometimes the power of a social situation leads us to act contrary to our expressed attitudes. In these powerfully evolved stations sometimes overwhelm good intentions, inducing people to accept falsehoods or accomplish with cruelty. Under Nazi influence, many decent people became instruments of the Holocaust. Other stations may elicit great generosity and compassion. After major natural disasters, affected regions are often overwhelmed with donated items and offers of assistance. The power of the station also appears in widely different views of same-sex relationships. Whether you live in Africa or the Middle East, poor people often have interposed relationships. Or in Western Europe, Canada, the United States, or Australia, New Zealand, where most support them, and we will get your attitude. We will become even more confident in our deaths if we know your educational level, the age of your peer group, and the media you watch. Our stations matter. Our culture has defined our stations. For example, our standards regarding promptness, openness, and clothing vary with our culture. Whether you prefer slim or a voluptuous body depends on when and where in the world you live. Whether you define social justice as equality, both receive the same, or as acuity, those who earn more receive more, depends on whether your ideology has been shaped more by sociality, more by capitalism. Whether you are expressive or reserved, casual or formal, depends partly on your culture and your ethnicity. Whether you focus primarily on yourself, your personal needs, desires, and morality, or on your family, clan, and communal groups, depends on how much you are a product of modern Western individuals. Social psychologist Hazel Marcus Dunn did this. People are above all malevolent. It's different when we adopt our social context. Our attitudes and behavior are shaped by external social forces. Type of autism. Persons with students' dispositions also shape behavior. Internal forces also matter. We are not passive tumbleweeds. Manly-blown this way and identified as virtual wins, our inner attitudes affect our outer behavior. Our political attitudes influence our wanting behavior. Our attitudes towards alcohol influence our susceptibility to peer pressure to drink alcohol. Our attitudes towards poor influence our willingness to help them. Our attitudes also follow our behavior, which means we often believe strongly in what we have committed ourselves or suffered for. Personality positions also affect behavior. Facing the same situation. Different people may react differently. Merging from years of political imprisonment, one person exudes bitterness and seeks revenge. Another, such as South Africa's Nelson Mandela, seeks reconciliation and unity with his former enemies. Attitudes and personality influence behavior. Social behavior is biologically rooted. 21st century social psychology provides us with ever-growing insights into our behavior's biological foundation. Many of our social behaviors respect biological wisdom. Everyone who has taken introductory psychology has learned that nature nurtures us to better form who we are. Just as the area of a rectangle is determined by both its length and its width, biology and experience both shape us. As evolutionary psychologists remind us our inherited human nature predisposes us to behave in ways that help our ancestors survive and reproduce. We carry the genes of those whose traits enable them to survive and reproduce. Our behavior, too, aims to send our DNA into the future. Those evolutionary psychologists have found nature's selection might shape our actions when dating and mating, hating and hurting, and caring and sharing. Nature also endows us with an enormous capacity to learn and to adapt to varied environments. We are sensitive and responsive to our social contacts. So, that's social neuroscience in a nutshell. An interdisciplinary field that explores the neural basis of social and emotional processes and behaviors, and how these processes and behaviors affect our brain and biology. If every psychological event, every thought, every emotion, every behavior is simultaneously a biological event, then we can all take the mind and our biology under light social behavior. What brain areas enable our experience of love and contempt, helping integration of perception and belief? Do people who are shy versus more socialist, like you, react differently to seeing a friend's face? How do brain, mind, and behavior function together as one coordinated system? What does the timing of brain events reveal about how we process information, such as questions or as if I do it in social neuroscience? Social neuroscientists do not produce complex social behaviors, such as helping and hurting the simple neural or molecular mechanisms. Each science boils upon the principles of more basic sciences of sociology, which boils on psychology, which boils on biology, which boils on chemistry, which boils on physics, which boils on math. Yet each discipline also introduces new principles not predicted by the more basic sciences. Thus, to understand social behavior, we must consider both under the skin, biological and between skin. Social influences Mind and body are one grand system. Hormones affect how we feel and act. A dose of testosterone decreases stress and a dose of oxytocin increases it. Feeling left out elevates blood pressure. Social support strengthens the disease-fighting immune system. We are biopsychosocial organisms. We reflect the interplay of our biological, psychological, and social influences. That is why today psychologists study behavior from these different levels of analysis. Solda gösterilen resimde, bir babaanne ve iki çocuk var. Partinin içindeler. Çocuk, gülen babaanneye karşı koşuyor. Altyazı Sosyal support and love impact both the mind and the body, leading social psychologists to consider these psychosocial effects. Tayfa 7 Social psychology's principles are applicable in everyday life. Social psychology has the potential to illuminate your life. It makes visible the subtle influences that guide your thinking and acting. It also offers many ideas about how to know yourself better. It also influences people in how to transform closed thoughts into open arms. Scholars are also applying social psychological insights. Principles of social thinking, social influence, and social relations have implications for human health and well-being. For judicial procedures and fewer decisions in courtrooms. For influencing behaviors that will enable an environmentally sustainable human future. As but one perspective on human existence, psychological science does not answer life's ultimate questions. What is the meaning of human life? What should be our purpose? What is our ultimate destiny? Social psychology does give us a match for asking and answering some exceedingly interesting and important questions. Social psychology is all about life. Your life, your beliefs, your attitudes, your relationships. The rest of this chapter takes us inside social psychology. Let's first consider how social psychology values influence their work in an obvious and subtle way. Let's focus on this chapter's biggest task. Let's think how we do social psychology. How do social psychologists search for explanations of social thinking, social influence, and social relations? How much do we use these analytical tools to think smarter? Thanks to Netero for this book. The brief summary will conclude each major section. We hope these summaries will help you assess how well you have learned the material in each section. After some listening up to this part, what are social psychologists' big ideas? Social psychology is a scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. Its central themes include the following. How we construe our social world. How our social intuition guides and sometimes deceives us. How our social behavior is shaped by other people, by our attitudes and personalities, and by our biology. How social psychologists' principles apply to our everyday lives and to various other fields of study. I knew it all along. Is social psychology simply common sense? Explore how social psychology's theories provide new insights into the human condition. Social psychological phenomena are all around you. Thus, many of the conclusions presented in this book may already have occurred to you. Constantly observe people thinking about, influencing, and relating to one another. Face the discernment of facial expression predicts. How to get someone to do something or whether to regard someone as a friend or foe. For centuries, philosophers, novelists, and poets have observed and commented on social behavior. Does this mean that social psychology is just common sense in fancy words? Social psychology faces two contradictory criticisms. First, that it is trivial because it documents the obvious. Second, that it is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people. In the Persuasion chapter, we explore the second criticism. Let's examine the first objection.