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Shashank Atreja

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Quantum theory introduces the concept of imaginary time, which is related to imaginary numbers. Imaginary time is not unrelated to the real world, as it plays a role in Einstein's theory of relativity. In this theory, space and time are combined into a four-dimensional space-time. While we can freely move in three space dimensions, we can only move forward in the time dimension. However, imaginary time acts as a fourth spatial dimension and is perpendicular to real time. Imagining space-time as a sphere, with imaginary time as degrees of latitude, we can see that the laws of physics would not break at the big bang singularity. This provides a different perspective on time compared to what we are used to. To describe how quantum theory shapes space and time, we should introduce the concept of imaginary time. Imaginary numbers are a well-defined mathematical concept. Consider the equation x2 plus 1 equals 0. This equation has no real solution. x2 equals minus 1. But there exists no real number whose square is negative. Therefore, x equals square root of minus 1. And we can say that x equals iota. Consider imaginary time perpendicular to real time. Imaginary numbers are imaginary, but this does not mean that imaginary time has nothing to do with real world. Einstein's general theory of relativity combined real time and three dimensions of space to a four-dimensional space-time. One can move freely in three space dimensions but not in the time dimension. One can only move in forward direction in real time. On the other hand, as imaginary time is perpendicular to real time, it acts as a fourth spatial dimension. Consider an imaginary space-time that is a sphere, like the surface of the earth. Suppose imaginary time was degrees of latitude. Then history of the universe would begin at north pole in imaginary time. North pole is a completely regular point and all the laws of physics hold there. Therefore, in imaginary time, laws of physics would not break at the big bang singularity. This was about a different view of time than the one we are familiar with.

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