Digital Public Services

The EU is aiming for a complete digital transformation by 2030, with a focus on making public services more user-friendly. They want all key public services to be available online, using a "once only" principle where citizens only need to submit their information once. They are investing in interconnected platforms, standardized data formats, and citizen engagement to achieve this. The EU has also standardized electronic identification to make cross-border interactions easier. They have introduced the EU Digital Identity Wallet, which allows individuals to have more control over their digital identities and access various services securely. The EU has also made electronic signatures legally recognized and uses trust services to ensure security. They are promoting data sharing in scientific research through the Open Science Cloud. The EU encourages innovation through strategic procurement strategies and supports the development of cutting-edge solutions. They also help cities create vir Welcome back to The Legal Place Podcast, where we like to say we do the hard work of reading through all the legal jargon so you don't have to. That's right. And today we're going deep on something that's got a lot of people talking, digital public services in the EU. Yeah. They're aiming for a complete digital transformation by 2030, which is- That's a pretty big goal. It is a huge undertaking. So where do we even begin with a topic this massive? Well, I think the best place to start is with the 2023 communication on digital public services and environments. Okay. So kind of their master plan for making public services more- You know- User friendly. User friendly. Yeah, exactly. Yeah. That's a good way to put it. This document really puts the focus on the citizen. Which is nice for a change. It is. You're not wrong about that. They're aiming to have all key public services available online by 2030 and not just, you know- Like a basic website. Right. Just throwing up some forms online. It's about making the whole process seamless regardless of where you are in the EU. So in theory, if I wanted to apply for a study abroad program in, say, France, it wouldn't be a total nightmare of paperwork. Exactly. That's the idea. They're pushing for this once only principle where you only have to submit your information once and then authorities can share it securely. Oh, wow. That would save so much time and hassle. Exactly. It's all about cutting down on bureaucracy and making things easier for everyone. I like it. So does this 2023 communication actually get into the nuts and bolts of how they're going to make all this happen? Absolutely. They're investing in interconnected platforms, standardized data formats that kind of behind the scenes work, that makes cross-border digital interactions actually functional. Plus, they're supporting projects that allow citizens to participate online, making things more transparent and responsive. So it's not just a top-down approach. Not at all. They're really emphasizing citizen engagement. They're even pushing for the use of local digital twins to test out different scenarios. Wait, hold on. Digital twins? Yeah. Think of it like a virtual copy of your city. Like SimCity. Exactly. It's like a SimCity model that city planners can use to test out different ideas like traffic flow or the impact of new construction projects. Oh, that's actually pretty cool. It's a way to make urban planning more data-driven and more responsive to citizens' needs. So we've got this overarching vision for digital public services. What's the next piece of the puzzle? Well, for all of this to work, you need a secure and trustworthy digital environment. And that brings us to electronic identification. The EU has been working on this for years because before 2014, each country had its own system, which made things really complicated for cross-border interactions. Yeah, like trying to use your driver's license from one state in a totally different country. Exactly. That's where the 2014 IAG regulation came in. It was a major step forward because it allowed people to use their national EID, like a digital passport, to access public services in other EU countries. Okay, so it kind of standardized things across the EU. Exactly. It was a big deal. But it mainly focused on public services, and the system was a bit complex, so adoption was slower than they hoped. I see. So even though the technology was there, it wasn't really living up to its full potential. Right. Fast forward to 2021, and the EU realized they needed to update things. Enter the EU Digital Identity Wallet. Ah, this is where things get really interesting. Tell me more about this identity wallet. It's a game changer. The updated IDS regulation, which came into effect last year, focuses on giving individuals more control over their digital identities. More control. So I decide what data gets shared and with whom. Exactly. You can use the Digital Identity Wallet to prove your age for online purchases, share medical records with a doctor in another EU country, access your bank account securely while traveling, all sorts of things. That's pretty amazing. And because it's an EU-wide standard, it works seamlessly across all the different countries. Exactly. No more juggling different logins and passwords for everything. The EU has some ambitious goals for the future, too. By 2030, they want everyone to have access to an EID and for all key public services to be available online and electronic health records for all citizens. It's pretty bold vision. It's a lot to process. So I've got the foundation with IDs and this awesome Digital Identity Wallet, but what about those times when you need to actually physically sign something, like a contract or an official document? Oh, yeah. Is a digital squiggle on a screen really legally binding? It is. The e-signature directive made electronic signatures legally recognized across the EU. No more printing and signing and scanning. So it's just as official as my handwritten signature. Exactly. To make sure everything is secure, especially for cross-border transactions, the EU uses trust services. Trust services. What are those? Think of them as safeguards that ensure authenticity and security. They make sure a document hasn't been tampered with and that the signature is genuinely from the person it's supposed to be from. So they're like digital bodyguards for my signature. You could say that. They use things like electronic timestamps, which act like a digital notary verifying the exact time a document was created, and electronic seals, which are like digital fingerprints for companies guaranteeing the origin and integrity of a document. So it's like a whole system to make online interactions more secure. Exactly. It's all about making sure people can use digital tools with confidence. This is really impressive. Europe is really going all in on this digital transformation. But what about scientific research? Does all this data sharing apply there too? Absolutely. The Open Science Cloud, or EOSC, is a massive initiative to make research data easily accessible and reusable across Europe. So it's like a giant digital library for scientists. You got it. It connects various research data sources and services across different disciplines and countries. So a researcher studying climate change in Portugal could easily access data from a related study in Sweden, for example. That's amazing. It could really speed up scientific discoveries. Exactly. The EOSC is a key part of the European Data Strategy, which aims to make the EU a leader in using data responsibly for everyone's benefit. It's all connected. It is. All these different pieces are working together to create a more digital and interconnected Europe. So how are they actually encouraging all this innovation to happen? Are they just throwing money at it? They're actually quite strategic about it. They're actively supporting something called innovation procurement. Okay. I'm not familiar with that. What is it? Basically, they use their buying power to encourage companies to develop cutting-edge solutions. So it's like saying, hey, we need a solution for this problem. Whoever comes up with the best and most innovative one gets the contract. Exactly. It's about using the market to drive innovation that benefits the public sector. So they're not just funding research directly, but also creating incentives for companies to innovate. Precisely. So they use two main approaches, pre-commercial procurement, PCP, and public procurement of innovative solutions, PPI. And what's the difference between those? PCP is for when they need something totally new that doesn't even exist on the market yet. So it's like funding the development of completely new technology. Right. And PPI is for solutions that are almost ready for market, but need a little extra help to get there. So it's about helping promising innovations cross the finish line and become commercially viable. Exactly. So using both PCP and PPI, the EU can modernize public services faster while helping European businesses become leaders in these emerging markets. Okay. I'm starting to see how all these pieces fit together. We've talked about data, identity, science, procurement strategies. But how does this all come together to create those smart cities we keep mentioning? What does this actually look like in practice? Well, for example, the EU created this thing called the Local Digital Twins Toolbox. Okay. More digital twins. What's the Toolbox all about? It helps cities build those virtual replicas we were talking about earlier. So they can actually create their own SimCity-like models to test out ideas. Exactly. These digital twins can analyze tons of data from sensors, cameras, even social media to help make more informed decisions. They can simulate traffic flow tests, the impact of new parks, even plan for disasters all virtually. That's crazy. So they can kind of preview the consequences of their decisions before they make them. Precisely. And the EU is also emphasizing citizen engagement. There's this initiative called CitiVerse that uses virtual reality to let residents see how proposed changes might affect them and give feedback. Oh, wow. So it's not just city planners making all the decisions. Right. It's about getting residents involved and making sure that the city's development aligns with their needs. I love that. It's like democratizing urban planning. Exactly. And there are other initiatives, too, like the Smart Communities Network, which is like a support system for cities starting their digital journeys. It's like a network of cities learning from each other and sharing best practices. Yeah, exactly. And there's the LivingIn.eu movement, which is a platform for cities to collaborate on digital transformation initiatives. Okay. So the EU is really putting a lot of thought and effort into supporting the development of smart cities. It's not just about the technology itself, but about creating a whole ecosystem to help cities make this transition. That's right. And they're also helping cities with the practicalities of digital transformation, like they have an online procurement help desk for cities that guides them through the process of acquiring the technology and expertise they need. That's really helpful. But what about the data itself? With all these platforms and systems, data management can be a real headache. You're telling me. That's why the EU is promoting the European data space for smart and sustainable cities. Okay. Another data space. What's this one for? It's a secure and interoperable environment where cities can share data with each other and with the private sector responsibly. So it's like a data marketplace where cities can access valuable information to improve their services. Exactly. And it's built on the principles of transparency, consent, and data minimization. Cities have control over what data they share and with whom, and there are strict rules to protect privacy. That's good to hear. It's not just a free-for-all data graph. Are there any other initiatives that are particularly important for cities on their digital transformation journey? There's the European Digital Infrastructure Consortium, which helps member states collaborate on big IT projects. And one edict called LBT-Citiverse Edict focuses specifically on connecting those local digital twins we talked about. So it's like creating a network of digital twins across Europe. Exactly. This allows cities to learn from each other and simulate cross-border scenarios, which can be really helpful for addressing regional challenges. It's amazing how interconnected everything is. It is. The EU is really taking a holistic approach to digital transformation. So we've got all these pieces working together to build smarter, more sustainable, and more citizen-centric cities. Yeah. But with so much happening online, how can we be sure everything is safe and trustworthy? We're talking about sensitive data, digital identities, critical infrastructure. There's a lot to think about. That's where trust services come in. Remember those electronic timestamps, seals, and website authentication certificates we talked about earlier? Those are just a few examples of the many tools that ensure the authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality of digital interactions. So they're like digital security guards protecting our online world. Exactly. And the EU is working to create a single market for trust services, so they work seamlessly across borders. A digital transaction in one EU country should be just as valid and secure in any other. That's a great goal. It really helps to build trust and confidence in the digital landscape. Absolutely. And it's not just about technical measures. The EU is also promoting a culture of cybersecurity awareness, encouraging individuals and organizations to be proactive about protecting themselves online. So it's a multifaceted approach, combining technology regulation and education. Precisely. It's about creating a digital environment that's both innovative and secure. We've covered a lot of ground from smart cities and digital identities to data spaces and trust services. But what does this all mean for everyday interactions with government services? How is the EU making these services more accessible and efficient for citizens? That's where e-government comes in. They're pushing for the digitization of public services to make them more accessible, efficient, and user-friendly. And we're already seeing positive results in some areas. Oh, yeah. Like what? In Denmark, electronic invoicing has saved taxpayers millions of euros every year. Wow. So it's not just about convenience. It's actually saving money. Exactly. And in Italy, e-procurement systems have led to significant cost savings for the government. So it's a win-win for both citizens and governments. It is. And it's not just about cost savings. E-government can also improve transparency and accountability by making government data more accessible to the public. I like that. And it helps to keep governments accountable to the people they serve. Right. And it allows citizens to be more engaged in the democratic process. So it's not just about making things easier. It's also about strengthening democracy. Exactly. It's about empowering citizens and creating a more transparent and responsive government. This is all very impressive. And I think one area that often gets overlooked in conversations about digital services is health care. It's such a personal and sensitive area. So I'm really curious to hear how the EU is approaching digital transformation in health care. That's a great point. It's definitely an area where they're making some interesting moves. They're working to transform health care through digital technologies with the goal of improving patient care, empowering citizens, and driving innovation in medical research. That sounds promising. What are their main priorities in this area? They're focused on three main things. Secure access to health data across borders using shared European data to personalize medicine and empowering citizens with digital tools for better self-care and more personalized interaction with health care providers. Okay. So it's about connecting health care systems across the EU, using data more effectively, and putting patients more in control of their own information. Exactly. Let's break those down a bit. Okay. First, secure access to health data across borders. That sounds like it could be a game changer, especially for people who travel a lot or live in different EU countries. It definitely could. Imagine being able to access your medical records, prescriptions, test results, no matter where you are in the EU. That would be amazing. It would make health care so much more seamless, especially for people with chronic conditions or those who need specialized care. Exactly. And it could also improve emergency care dramatically. If you had an accident while traveling, doctors could instantly access your medical history, allergies, medications, everything. Wow. That could be life-saving in some situations. But how do they make sure this data sharing is done securely and with patient consent? Security and privacy are absolutely top priorities. The EU is developing strict regulations and standards for handling sensitive health data, ensuring that it's only accessed by authorized personnel and used for legitimate purposes. Okay. So it's not just about making data accessible, but about doing it responsibly and ethically. Exactly. And it goes beyond just accessing existing data. They're also focused on using data to improve health care and drive innovation. That's where personalized medicine comes in. I've heard that term, but I'm not really sure what it means in this context. It's about tailoring treatments and therapies to an individual's unique genetic makeup lifestyle and environment. It's moving away from the one-size-fits-all approach to health care. So it's more personalized and targeted. Exactly. And to do this, they're creating a shared European data infrastructure. By pooling data from across the EU, researchers can identify patterns and insights that would be impossible to see with smaller data sets. So it's about harnessing the collective power of European health data to accelerate medical discoveries and develop more effective treatments. Precisely. This data infrastructure can also be used to monitor disease outbreaks, track the effectiveness of treatments, and identify potential drug side effects more quickly. It sounds like it has the potential to really revelationize health care. It does. And the EU also recognizes that citizens need to play a more active role in their own health. So they're encouraging the development of digital tools that let people access their medical records, track their health data, and communicate with their doctors more easily. So it's about empowering patients and giving them more control over their health information. Exactly. These tools can help people make more informed decisions about their health, manage chronic conditions more effectively, and even prevent some health problems in the first place. This all sounds incredibly promising. But how do we know people actually want this? I mean, health care is such a personal and sensitive area. Are people really comfortable with all this digital transformation happening in this sector? That's a valid question. The EU actually conducted a public consultation on this a few years ago, and the response was overwhelmingly positive. Really? What did people say? The vast majority of respondents supported having control over their own health data, and they recognized the benefits of sharing data for research as long as it's done securely and ethically. They also expressed strong interest in having more digital health services and tools available to them. So it seems like people are ready for a more digital and patient-centered approach to health care. They are. They understand that technology has the potential to significantly improve health care as long as it respects their privacy and puts them in control. This has been an incredible deep dive into the world of digital public services in the EU so far. It's clear Europe is on a mission to become a digital leader, and they're doing some really innovative things to make that happen. I agree. They're really pushing the boundaries, and it's exciting to see how these policies are already making a difference in people's lives. Absolutely. What really stands out to me is their focus on citizen empowerment, data privacy, and ethical data use. They're not just blindly embracing technology, but they're carefully considering the potential impacts on individuals and society as a whole. I think that's what makes their approach so unique and so promising. Well said. On that note, we're going to take a quick break. When we come back, we'll continue our deep dive into digital public services in the EU. We'll explore the EU's overall vision for a digital future, the challenges and opportunities they face, and what all of this means for you. Stay tuned. It's pretty clear the EU has put a lot of energy into this digital future, but what's the big picture? I mean, what kind of Europe are they aiming for with all these digital policies? Yeah. It's a good question. We've looked at all these separate initiatives, but what's the overall goal? If you zoom out a bit, the EU is trying to build a Europe that's more inclusive, more competitive, and more resilient in this digital world. These policies are key to reaching those goals, I think. It's not just about technology, just for the sake of technology, there's a deeper reason. Definitely. It's about facing those big problems. Europe's got climate change, the aging population, the global competition's heating up. They really think digital innovation is the way to a better future, basically. Okay. That makes sense. It's about using technology to build a better tomorrow, but let's be real. There are always bumps in the road when you're trying to do something this big. What kind of challenge is the EU up against with this whole digital vision? One of the biggest is making sure all the member states are on the same page, and they actually put these policies into practice. I mean, the EU sets the framework, but it's up to each country to actually implement it. Right. It's like having a recipe, but every chef's going to make it a little differently. Exactly. There's always inconsistencies and delays. Another big hurdle is bridging that digital divide. Not everyone's got equal access to technology or the skills to use it effectively. You're right. It's not enough to just build the infrastructure. You've got to make sure everyone can actually benefit from it. Right. The EU's investing a lot in digital skills training and development, but there's still a long way to go. What about the private sector? I mean, a lot of these initiatives need to work with tech companies and stuff, right? Yeah, definitely. The private sector's super important in all this. The EU knows that, and they're really pushing for collaboration between the public and private sectors. So it's not us versus them. It's more about finding ways to work together. Right. The EU is using funding programs, public procurement initiatives, and even something called regulatory sandboxes. Regulatory sandboxes. What are those? It's where companies can test out new technologies in a safe space, basically. Oh, interesting. So they can experiment without too much risk. Right. It's all about finding that balance between innovation and regulation. It sounds like a smart approach. Yeah. So we've talked a lot about the EU's point of view, but what do regular people think about all these digital policies? Are they excited, worried? What's the general feeling? It's a mixed bag. I mean, there's definitely some buzz about the good stuff, you know, like more efficient services, personalized healthcare, more control over your data. But there are worries too. Yeah, that's understandable. What kind of concerns are people raising? Privacy and data security are big ones for a lot of people. It's that whole thing about convenience versus control. Right. People want the benefits, but they don't want to give up their privacy. Exactly. And there are worries about jobs disappearing as automation gets more advanced. Plus, there's that risk of making inequality worse if everyone doesn't get equal access to these digital opportunities. It's complicated. Lots of things to consider. Definitely. It's super important to talk about all this openly and honestly to make sure these digital policies are actually good for everyone and don't leave anyone behind. And speaking of open conversations, that brings us to the next thing we wanted to look at today. The European Commission's 2022 report called E-Government Benchmark 2022, the state of digital public services in Europe. This gives us a real on the ground look at how things are going. Yeah, it's a really interesting report. They go beyond just talking about policies and actually see how well they're working. They looked at 36 countries, and the findings are pretty eye opening. Okay. Hit me with some highlights. What did they find out? One big thing was that there's been good progress in digitizing public services in Europe. More services are online, more stuff's mobile friendly, and the user experience is getting better, but there's always a but. There's room for improvement? Yeah. They found that cross border stuff still needs work. It's still tough for people to use digital services when they're in a different EU country. Really? Yeah. Even with things like IDES and the digital wallet, there's still problems with cross border services. Yeah. They also found that some countries are way ahead of others in terms of digital services. It's not even across the board. Yeah. I imagine that creates problems when you're trying to share data and services across borders. It's like trying to build a house where some rooms are finished and others aren't even started. A perfect analogy. And this uneven progress shows that we need to keep investing and collaborating between countries to make sure everyone benefits from these changes. So we've got this benchmark report that shows us where things stand. But how's the EU going to fix these problems and move forward? Well, that's where the Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the Digital Decade comes in. This was adopted back in 2022, and it lays out the EU's core values and principles for the digital transformation. So like a digital bill of rights for Europe? Pretty much. It focuses on six key areas, access to good connectivity, digitally skilled citizens, trustworthy online spaces, innovative businesses, fair and sustainable change, and people at the center of it all. Okay. So a lot of good stuff. But what does people at the center actually mean in practice? It means designing all these digital policies and initiatives with people's needs in mind. It's about empowering people, protecting their rights, and making sure technology serves humanity, not the other way around. I like that. So it's not just about the tech itself, but about how we use it to make people's lives better. Exactly. And it's not just about individuals either. It's also about creating a digital world that supports businesses and encourages innovation. So what does that look like? How are they helping businesses in this whole digital shift? Well, one way is by focusing on building a digital single market. This is where businesses can operate across borders without all the usual headaches. They get access to more customers and benefit from more streamlined regulations. So it's about removing those digital barriers between countries. Yeah, exactly. And they're also putting a lot of money into research and development, supporting startups, and encouraging the use of new technologies like AI and blockchain. It sounds like they're really trying to create a space where European businesses can succeed in the digital age. They are. But it's not just about economic competition. The declaration also stresses the importance of fairness and sustainability in this digital shift. Okay. What do fair and sustainable mean when we're talking about digital stuff? It means making sure everyone benefits from these changes, not just a few. It's about bridging that digital divide, protecting workers as things get more automated, and using technology to solve those big social problems like climate change and social exclusion. So it's about using technology responsibly to build a better world for everyone, basically. Right. It's a digital transformation that's not just about making money, but about actually making a positive difference. I really like that. It reminds us that technology is a tool, and we get to choose how we use it. Absolutely. The declaration is really a powerful statement from the EU, laying out a digital future that's both ambitious and grounded in human values. They're thinking long-term, for sure. But are they actually putting these ideas into action? Let's look at a real example, the 2022 Regulation on European Data Governance. This is a big part of their data strategy. And it's all about encouraging data sharing and reuse while still protecting people's rights. Okay. Data sharing can be a sensitive topic for some people. How does this regulation address those concerns? Well, first, it sets clear rules for accessing and using data from public bodies. This opens up a lot of valuable information that can be used to improve services, make better decisions, and drive innovation. So instead of data just sitting around, it can actually be used for good. Exactly. And it's free for all. The regulation has safeguards to protect privacy, confidentiality, commercial secrets. It also establishes a framework for data intermediaries. Data intermediaries. They're like trusted middlemen who make sure data sharing happens responsibly and ethically. So there are checks and balances in place to protect people's rights. Right. The regulation also encourages the creation of data altruism organizations, which are non-profits that collect and share data for good causes. So I can donate my data to help with medical research or something like that. Exactly. So you're not donating money or time, but with your data. It's a really powerful way to make a difference. So they're not just talking about sharing data, but creating a whole system to encourage responsible data use. Right. It's about creating a data ecosystem that benefits everyone. We've talked about public data, but what about data from private companies? That's a huge part of the digital world. Absolutely. And that's where the 2022 proposal for a regulation on harmonized rules on fair access to and use of data comes in. This is also called the Data Act, and it's all about creating a level playing field for accessing and using data. So it's about making sure that big tech companies don't control all the data. Right. The Data Act gives people and businesses more control over their data. It has rules that make it easier to switch between service providers and take your data with you. Oh, like if I wanted to switch from one social media platform to another, I could take all my data with me. Exactly. It also encourages companies to make their data work together better so different systems can talk to each other. That's important for competition and innovation. So the Data Act's really about making the digital world fairer and more competitive. It is. And it's not just about companies either. It lets public bodies access private data in emergencies or for research. So if there's a health crisis, the government could access data to track a disease or something? Exactly. But of course, there are strict rules to protect privacy and make sure data is used for the right reasons. It's about finding that balance between protecting people and using data to help society. Right. The Data Act's a pretty complex thing, but it's a major step towards a more balanced digital economy in Europe. This has been really informative. But let's bring it all together for our listeners. What's the one thing you want them to remember about digital public services in the EU? The main thing is this. The EU is dedicated to using technology to build a society that puts people first, that's more efficient, more inclusive. But this change needs everyone, citizens, businesses, governments. It's a team effort. We've got to talk, collaborate, be open to change. So it's not just about the gadgets and software, it's about how we use them to create the future we want. Exactly. So we've covered a lot of ground here from the EU's overall vision for a digital future to specific policies like IDEAS and the Data Act. Yeah, we've really gone deep on how they're tackling things like bridging the digital divide, protecting data privacy, and fostering cybersecurity. And we've seen how these policies are playing out in real life in healthcare, transportation, government services. It's really encouraging to see them putting these ideas into action and creating a digital world that works for everyone. It is. But before we wrap things up, I think it's important to talk about something we haven't touched on yet. The human element. You're right. Technology is just a tool in the end. It's up to us to decide how we use it. Exactly. So I think it's important to talk about what you, our listeners, can do to make sure this digital transformation is a positive force in your own lives. So what can people do to be more than just passive bystanders in this whole process? First, stay informed. Keep learning about these digital policies and how they affect you. The EU has a ton of resources online, and there are a lot of organizations out there working to raise awareness about digital rights and opportunities. So don't just sit back and let things happen. Take an active role in shaping the digital landscape. Exactly. Second, get involved. Participate in public consultations, share your feedback with policymakers, and advocate for policies that reflect your values. Make your voice heard. Let your elected officials know what matters to you and how these digital policies are impacting your life. That's right. And third, embrace lifelong learning. This digital world is always changing, so you've got to keep your skills up to date. There are online courses, training programs, all sorts of ways to improve your digital literacy. So don't be afraid to dive in and try new things. The more comfortable you are with technology, the better equipped you'll be to navigate this digital world. Exactly. By staying informed, getting involved, and embracing lifelong learning, you can help ensure that this digital transformation is a force for good in your life and in your community. This has been an amazing deep dive into digital public services in the EU. It's clear that Europe's leading the way in this digital revolution, and they're setting a great example for the rest of the world. I totally agree. Their focus on citizen centricity, data privacy, and ethical considerations is really something special. It's inspiring to see how they're using technology to build a brighter future for everyone in Europe. It's a powerful reminder that we all have a role to play in shaping the future, whether you're a citizen, a business owner, or a policymaker. Well said. Well, that's all for today. We hope you enjoyed this deep dive into digital public services in the EU. Be sure to check out our website for more information and resources on this topic. And as always, keep learning and stay curious. That's all for today. We hope to see you soon at the legal place. And until then, as we always say, keep learning.